Race and worrying about police brutality: the hidden injuries of minority status in America. Graham A, Haner M, Sloan M, Cullen F, Kulig T, Jonson C. Stop, frisk, and assault? Racial disparities in police use of force during investigatory stops. Risk of being killed by police use of force in the United States by age, race-ethnicity, and sex. Cumulative prevalence of arrest from ages 8 to 23 in a national sample. An analysis of the New York City police department’s “stop-and-frisk” policy in the context of claims of racial bias. Racial trauma, microaggressions, and becoming racially innocuous: the role of acculturation and White supremacist ideology. Liu W, Liu R, Garrison Y, Kim J, Chan L, Ho Y, Yeung C. Identifying and treating race-based trauma in counseling.

Three case examples detail the traumatizing impact of racism and how this can lead to a PTSD diagnosis. The authors review existing assessment measures and introduce the UConn Racial/Ethnic Stress & Trauma Survey as a valuable tool to assess racial trauma. 2018 3:242–60. Important guide to understanding racial trauma and PTSD by providing a theoretical and clinical examination of racial trauma within a DSM-5 framework for PTSD. Assessing racial trauma within a DSM-5 framework: the UConn Racial/Ethnic Stress & Trauma Survey. Williams M, Metzger I, Leins C, DeLapp C.Racism and psychological and emotional injury: recognizing and assessing race-based traumatic stress. The need for shared nomenclature on racism and related terminology. Racism, racial discrimination, and trauma: a systematic review of the social science literature. Kirkinis K, Pieterse A, Martin C, Agiliga A, Brownell A. Expanding criterion A for posttraumatic stress disorder: considering the deleterious impact of oppression. Closing the cultural rights gap in transitional justice: developments from Canada’s national inquiry into missing and murdered indigenous women and girls. Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: Additionally, strengthening clinical training and continued education programs for professionals to hone their capacity to discuss the impact of racism effectively administer appropriate assessment tools and implement interventions specific to racial trauma. SummaryĮmerging and promising advancements can extend our knowledge on racial trauma, including incorporating the cumulative and lasting negative impacts of racism on people of color in how we define PTSD. However, given the scarcity of literature, we need more studies to establish the validity and efficacy of available assessment and treatment options. There are several emerging treatment options for people of color experiencing racial trauma. There are several validated interview and self-report instruments for clinicians to better understand client’s experiences of racism, discrimination, and traumatic stress. As a result, the evidence to inform the assessment, treatment, and implications of racial trauma has grown exponentially. Recent FindingsĮmerging evidence illustrates that these cumulative experiences can result in the cognitive, behavioral, and affective presentations of PTSD in people of color. This review synthesizes emerging theoretical and empirical evidence of racial trauma, outlines the mechanisms, and lists available assessment and treatment options for racial trauma. Racial trauma is a severe psychological response to the cumulative traumatic effect of racism.

Ptsd criteria for dsm 5